Syllabus
UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION TO LEVELLING:
Levelling – Types of Levelling Instruments – Component Parts of a Dumpy Level and their Functions – Types
of Levelling Staves – Definitions of Important Terms Used in Levelling – Level Surface, Level Line, Axis
of Telescope, Line of Collimation, Back Sight, Fore Sight, Intermediate Sight, Change Point – Temporary
Adjustments of a Dumpy Level – Bench Marks – Different Types of Bench Marks.
UNIT-II
CONCEPT AND CALCULATION OF REDUCED LEVELS:
Booking of Readings in Field Book – Determination of Reduced Levels by Height Of Instrument and Rise
and Fall Methods – Comparison of Methods – Problems – Problems on Missing Entries.
UNIT-III
ERRORS, PRECAUTIONS AND CORRECTIONS IN LEVELLING:
Errors In Levelling – Personal, Natural and Instrumental Errors – Precautions – Errors Due to Curvature
and Refraction and Combined Correction – Problems.
UNIT-IV
METHODS OF LEVELLING:
Classification of Levelling – Detailed Description of Profile Levelling and Reciprocal Levelling – Problems
on Reciprocal Levelling.
UNIT-V
PERMANENT ADJUSTMENTS OF A LEVEL AND CONTOURING:
Permanent Adjustments of a Dumpy Level (Two Peg Method) – Contouring – Characteristics – Uses –
Methods of Contouring : Squares Method, Cross Sections Method – Interpolation of Contours – Tracing
Contour Gradient.
UNIT-VI
MINOR INSTRUMENTS:
Uses and Working Principles of Pentagraph, Electronic Planimeter and Clinometer.
