MECHANICAL - JNTU ANANTAPUR III YEAR / I SEM

BASIC CONCEPTS: Rankine cycle – Schematic layout, Thermodynamic analysis, Concept of mean temperature of heat addition, Methods to improve cycle performance – Regeneration – Reheating – Combined cycles.

BOILERS: Classification based on working principles & pressures of operation - L.P and H.P. boilers – Mountings and accessories. DRAUGHT: Classification – Height of chimney for given draught and discharge, Condition for maximum discharge, Efficiency of chimney – Artificial draught, Induced and forced draught.

STEAM NOZZLES: Function of nozzle – Applications – Types, Flow through nozzles, Thermodynamic analysis – Assumptions -Velocity of nozzle at exit-ideal and actual expansion in nozzle, Velocity coefficient, Condition for maximum discharge, Critical pressure ratio. Criteria for design of nozzle shape – Super saturated flow and its effects, Degree of super saturation and degree of under cooling – Wilson line – Shock at the exit. CONDENSERS: Classification, Air leakage vacuum efficiency, Condenser efficiency, Problems.

IMPULSE TURBINE: Mechanical details – Velocity diagram – Effect of friction – Power developed, Axial thrust blade or diagram efficiency – Condition for maximum efficiency. De-laval turbine – Its features. Methods to reduce rotor speed - Velocity compounding and pressure compounding, Velocity and pressure variation along the flow – Combined velocity diagram for a velocity compounded impulse turbine. REACTION TURBINE: Mechanical details – Principle of operation, Thermodynamic analysis of a stage, Degree of reaction – Velocity diagram – Parson’s reaction turbine – Condition for maximum efficiency.

GAS TURBINES: Simple gas turbine plant – Ideal cycle, Essential components – Parameters of performance – Actual cycle – Regeneration, Inter cooling and reheating – Closed and Semi-closed cycles – Merits and demerits, Brief concepts of compressors, Combustion chambers and turbines used in gas turbine plants. JET PROPULSION: Principle of operation – Classification of jet propulsive engines – Working principles with schematic diagrams and representation on T-S diagram – Thrust, Thrust power and propulsion efficiency – Turbo jet, Turbo prop, Pulse jet engines – Schematic diagram, Thermodynamic cycle. Introduction to rocket propulsion.

Elementary treatment of metal cutting theory – Elements of cutting process – Geometry of single point tool and angles, Chip formation and types of chips – Built up edge and its effects, Chip breakers. Mechanics of orthogonal cutting – Merchant’s force diagram, Cutting forces – Cutting speeds, Feed, Depth of cut, Heat generation, Tool life, Coolants, Machinability – Economics of machining. Cutting tool materials and cutting fluids – Types and characteristics.

Engine lathe – Principle of working – Specification of lathe – Types of lathes – Work holders and tool holders – Taper turning, Thread turning and attachments for lathes. Turret and capstan lathes – Collect chucks – Other work holders – Tool holding devices – Box and tool layout. Principal features of automatic lathes – Classification – Single spindle and multi-spindle automatic lathes – Tool layout and cam design.

Drilling and Boring machines – Principles of working, Specifications, Types, Operations performed – Tool holding devices – Twist drill – Boring tools – Machining time calculation. Shaping, Slotting and Planning machines – Principles of working – Principle parts – Specifications, Classification, Operations performed. Machining time calculations.

Milling machine – Principles of working – Specifications – Classification of milling machines – Principal features – Machining operations, Types and geometry of milling cutters – Methods of indexing – Accessories to milling machines. Grinding machine – Theory of grinding – Classification – Cylindrical and surface grinding machine – Tool and cutter grinding machine – Special types of grinding machines – Grinding wheel; Different types of abrasives – Bonds specification and selection of a grinding wheel. Static and dynamic balancing of a wheel. Truing and dressing of wheels. Lapping, Honing and Broaching machines – Comparison of Grinding, Lapping and Honing, Machining time calculations.

Principles of design of jigs and fixtures and uses, 3-2-1 classification of jigs and fixtures – Principles of location and clamping – Types of clamping and work holding devices – Typical examples of jigs and fixtures. Unit built machine tools – Multi-spindle heads. Power units – Principal of working types of UBMTS characterization, applications.

FLUID STATISTICS: Dimensions and units: Physical properties of fluids, Specific gravity, Viscosity, Surface tension, Vapor pressure and their influence on fluid motion, Atmospheric gauge and vacuum pressure, Measurement of pressure, Piezometer, U-tube differential manometers. FLUID KINEMATICS: Stream line, Path line and streak lines and stream tube, Classification of flows-steady and unsteady, Uniform, Non-uniform, Laminar, Turbulent, Rotational and irrotational flows-Equation of continuity for one dimensional flow. FLUID DYNAMICS: Surface and body forces – Euler’s and Bernoulli’s equations for flowing stream line, Momentum equation and its application on force on pipe bend.

CONDUIT FLOW: Reynold’s experiment, Darcy Weisbach equation, Minor losses in pipes, Pipes in series and pipes in parallel, Total energy line-Hydraulic gradient line. Measurement of flow: Pitot tube, Venturimeter and orifice meter, Flow nozzle and turbine current meter.

TURBO MACHINERY: Hydrodynamic force of jets on stationary and moving flat, inclined and curved vanes, Jet striking centrally and at tip, Velocity diagrams, Work done efficiency, Flow over radial vanes. HYDRAULIC POWER STATIONS Elements of hydro electric power station-Type-Concept of pumped storage plants-Storage requirements.

HYDRAULIC TURBINES: Classification of turbines, Impulse and reaction turbines, Pelton wheel, Francis turbine and Kaplan turbine-Working proportions, Work done, Efficiencies, Hydraulic design-Draft tube-Theory-Functions and efficiency. PERFORMANCE OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES Unit and specific quantities, Characteristics, Governing of turbines, Selection of type of turbine, Cavitation and surge tank.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS: Classification-Working, Work done, Manometric head, Loss efficiencies, Specific speed, Pumps in series and parallel, Performance characteristic curves and NPSH.

FRICTION: Inclined plane, Friction of Screws and Nuts, Pivot and Collar, Uniform pressure, Uniform wear – Friction circle and friction axis – Lubricated surfaces, Boundary friction, Film lubrication. CLUTCHES: Friction clutches- Single disc or plate clutch, Multiple disc clutch, Cone clutch, Centrifugal clutch. BRAKES AND DYNAMOMETERS Simple block brakes, Band brake, Internal expanding brake, Braking of vehicle – Dynamometers – Absorption and transmission types – General description and methods of operation.

PRECESSION: Gyroscopes – Effect of precession motion on the stability of moving vehicles such as Motor car, Motor cycle, Aeroplanes and Ships. TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAMS AND FLYWHEELS: Turning moment diagrams for Steam engine – IC engine and multi cylinder engine – Crank effort - coefficient of fluctuation of energy – Coefficient of fluctuation of speed – Fly wheels and their design – Fly wheels for punching machines.

GOVERNORS: Watt, Porter and Proell governors – Spring loaded governors – Hartnell and Hartung governors with auxiliary springs. Sensitiveness, Isochronism and hunting – Effort and power of a governor.

BALANCING: Balancing of rotating masses – Single and Multiple – Single and different planes. BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MASSES: Primary and secondary balancing of reciprocating masses – Analytical and graphical methods – Unbalanced forces and couples – V-engine, Multi cylinder, Inline and Radial engines for primary and secondary balancing.

VIBRATIONS: Free and Forced vibration of single degree of freedom system – Role of damping – Whirling of shafts and critical speeds – Simple problems on Free, Forced and Damped vibrations – Vibration Isolation & Transmissibility – Transverse vibrations of beams with concentrated and distributed loads – Dunkerly’s method, Raleigh’s method. Torsional vibrations - Two and three rotor systems.

INTRODUCTION STRESSES IN MACHINE MEMBERS: General considerations of design – Design process – Selection of engineering materials - properties –Manufacturing considerations in the design – BIS codes of materials – Preferred numbers and interchangeability. Simple stresses – Combined stresses – Torsional and bending stresses – Impact stresses – Stress -strain relation – Various theories of failure – Factor of safety.

DESIGN FOR FLUCTUATING LOADS: Stress concentration – Notch sensitivity – Design for fluctuating stresses – Endurance limit – Estimation of endurance strength – Goodman’s line – Soderberg’s line – Design of components for finite and infinite life.

DESIGN OF RIVETED JOINTS AND BOLTED JOINTS: Types of riveted joints – Design of riveted joints – Boiler shell riveting design and eccentric loading design of riveted joints. Forms of screw threads – Stresses in screw fasteners – Design of bolts with pre-stresses – Design of bolted joints under eccentric loading – Bolts of uniform strength.

DESIGN OF COTTERS AND KNUCKLE JOINTS AND SHAFTS: Design of cotter joints – Spigot and socket – Sleeve and cotter – Jib and cotter joints – Knuckle joints. Design of solid and hollow shafts for strength and rigidity – Design of shafts for combined bending and axial loads – Standard shaft sizes.

DESIGN OF KEYS AND COUPLINGS: Design of rigid couplings – Muff – Split muff and flange couplings – Design of flexible couplings.

1. Thermal Engineering-II
2. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery
3. Dynamics of Machinery
4. Machine Tools
5. Design of Machine Members-I.